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CONCRETE TECHNOLOGYwww.cpi-worldwide.com CPI %u2013 Concrete Plant International %u2013 5 | 2025n Areej Gamieldien is a doctoral candidate and assistant lecturer in the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. She earned her BSc in civil engineering from the same university. Her research focuses on the use of recycled concrete waste as a secondary raw material in the production of new concrete. GMLARE001@myuct.ac.zan Bhooshay Dookee is a Master of Science candidate in Structural Engineering at the University of Cape Town (UCT). He obtained his BSc in Civil engineering from UCT in 2024 and his current research focuses on regional modelling of ice shelf dynamics, particularly for the Fimbul Ice Shelves in Antarctica, using the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model. DKXBHO001@myuct.ac.zan Hans Beushausen is Professor for structural engineering and materials in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Cape Town and Director of the Concrete Materials & Structural Integrity Research Unit. His research fields include concrete durability (material aspects, durability testing, design and specification), performance assessment and repair of concrete structures, and sustainable concrete technology (low carbon cementitious binders, recycled aggregates). He is an editor of the magazine Concrete Plant International, a member of fib and ACI, and Vice President of RILEM. hans.beushausen@uct.ac.zan Mark Alexander is Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering, and a Senior Research Scholar in the University of Cape Town. He has a PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and is a Fellow of the University of Cape Town, of RILEM, of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering, the South African Academy of Engineering, and the Indian Concrete Institute. He is a registered Professional Engineer in South Africa. His research interests are in concrete durability, service life prediction, concrete sustainability, and repair and rehabilitation of deteriorated concrete structures. mark.alexander@uct.ac.zacombination and the blends incorporating fRCA, were largely within the recommended ranges, indicating that, based on grain size distribution alone and neglecting the potential influence of higher fRCA porosity, all the blended fine aggregates would be considered suitable for producing concrete with adequate workability.Table 1: Fine aggregate physical properties.Fine aggregate typeDust content (%)Fineness modulusRelative densityWater absorption (%)Greywacke crusher sand (GCS)8.56 3.61 2.76 2.52Dune sand (DS)6.55 1.65 2.61 1.11fRCA 4.32 2.57 2.54 6.38